minicomputers
Systems Engineering Laboratories, Inc. [SEL]
Systems Engineering Laboratories was founded in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1961 by nine engineers from Ground Data Division of Radiation, Inc., of Melbourne, Florida. Original founders were William Dodgson Jr., A.G. Randolph, Jack Jackson, Thomas J. Sullivan, Perry Knight, Edward H. Claggett, Larry Klingler, David Yoder, and Buddy Mock on January 21, 1961. They started in a warehouse with about 4,000 sq.ft of space at 4066 NE 5th Ave, in Fort Lauderdale. This location is considered to be the birthplace of the computer industry in Florida.
In 1965, they moved to their present location on Sunrise blvd, Plantation , FL just outside of Ft.Lauderdale. Their manufacturing facilities were originally located in Ft.Lauderdale. SEL earned a reputation for itself by providing high-security systems for use with mission-critical, real-time applications in various military, space, scientific, and industrial markets.
Their original product was based on a patent for sampling low-level analog signals. A number of data acquisition and control systems (which included no computers) were built for NASA installations. Within a couple of years, the company's first computer, the 820, was created as a special project for one customer. Later the company became one of the first 32-bit realtime computer system manufacturers. Realtime computers are used for process control and monitoring; and to accommodate these applications, they must include architectural features allowing them to respond quickly to external stimuli such as switch closures in a power plant. Systems Engineering Laboratories (also called SEL) was founded at the beginning of the breakout of minicomputers from 16-bit to larger architectures.
SEL's first computers, such as the 810A, the 8500, and the 8600, used wire-wrap construction to create the numerous system boards and backplane (called a swingplane). Components used were discrete TTL integrated circuits comprising a few transistors per chip, and core memory was used. In 1976, the Model 32/55 computer was introduced along with a new bus architecture called the SELbus. The CPU of the 32/55 was composed of three wire-wrapped boards bolted together. The use of a backplane bus instead of a wire-wrapped backplane simplified manufacturing, lowered costs, and made system enhancements easier. This system was the industry's first true 32-bit super minicomputer. The bus speed was 26.6 megabytes per second, which was a record at the time of its introduction.
Multilayer printed circuit boards were introduced with the 32/75 about a year later, and single-board CPUs were introduced shortly thereafter. Core memory was replaced by semiconductor memory. The SEL 32 series became extremely popular in many technical markets such as aircraft simulation, scientific research, oil exploration, and the beginnings of computer animation. Gould/SEL computers were used to animate the opening sequence for Steven Spielberg's television series "Amazing Stories." At one time the 32/9780 was the fastest mini-computer in the world and in addition to real-time applications such as nuclear plant and flight simulation was used in some early computer graphics modelling applications including the creating of the "sexy robot" for Robert Abel and Associates.
Later, in the early 1980s, SEL introduced a system based on emitter-coupled logic (ECL) technology code named the Thunderbird. Its official marketing name became the 32/8780 and later the 32/9780 The CPU for this system ballooned to about a dozen boards because of the low-density ECL chip footprint. As a result, CPUs could only be placed at each end of the SELbus, limiting computer systems to two CPUs. It had modular cache memory that could be upgraded independently of the CPU itself. Although it had two CPUs, they were not symmetric in their capabilities. The CPU handled all the I/O and interrupts while the Internal Processing Unit (IPU) was for compute bound jobs.
Gould later introduced a 32/67 computer (with CPU/IPU) as a 3 board unit and eventually a single board unit. In the mid-nineties, the RSX computer board featured RISC processing capabilities and high speed 75 ns static RAM design (essentially an all-cache design) while maintaining complete binary compatibility with existing programs. Gould/SEL's "High Speed Data interface" or HSD was considered an industry standard in the process control industry.
SEL had a proprietary operating system called Real Time Monitor (RTM) which, although extremely fast, had limited user interface. It supported a console for command entry, but no additional users. When the SEL32 systems were introduced, SEL created another operating system called MPX-32 which supported multiprocessing and multiple users. Later, in the early 1980s, SEL adopted the Unix operating system. As "Gould CSD" (Computer System Division) then introduced the UTX-32 Unix based OS that included both BSD and System V characteristics. It was one of the first Unix based systems to receive NSA's C2 security level certification.
One of Gould's primary contributions to the real-time computing world was its "Reflective Memory" technology which allowed up to eight computer to share memory at a very high speed. Moving into the general purpose Unix systems, Gould introduced the NPL (New Product Line) which ran UTX-32 exclusively as was not designed for real-time applications.
With the acquistion of Gould's Computer Systems division (about 2500 employees) by Encore Computer (about 250 employees) the new Encore switched to using Encore's Umax (Unix based OS) and the Motorola 88100 series of chips. They built a small Unix based system known as the Encore-91 which included a number of RT extensions including a "micro-MPX environment."
Encore used the real-time reflective memory design from Gould along with their 88100 based systems and Umax OS to create a line of high-density storage devices. Known as the Infinity-90 product these acted as large SANs for Unix, Windows and Mainframe computers with data sharing capabilities. Encore eventually (1997) sold this product line to Sun Microsystems where it was marketed as the A7000. It was not very successful and eventually cancelled by Sun. About 200 Encore employees went to Sun in this exchange.
SEL was purchased by Gould in 1980 and was operated essentially unchanged as the Gould Computer Systems Division. Later, in 1988, Encore Computer Corporation bought the computer division from Gould. Parts of Encore were sold off over the years, with the last major spin-off being their Storage Products Group, sold to Sun Microsystems in 1997. This left the company consisting primarily of their real-time group (the original SEL core) and returned to this business niche after renaming themselves Encore Real Time Computing. In 2002, Compro Computer Services, Inc.(a former service competitor, and later service partner) obtained SEL/Gould/Encore real-time technological assets through its acquisition of Encore Real Time Computing, Inc., and continues support of the legacy SelBUS-based product line as far back as the 32/55 and offers an upgrade path using the Legacy Computer Replacement System (LCRS) hardware simulator. The last remaining operations of Encore were closed down in 2003. Gould (as well as its primary competitors MassComp, Harris and Concurrent) were driven into the ground by general purpose microprocessor Unix designs such as those by Sun and SGI.
Because of the long-life support requirements of nuclear plants, military installations, and aviation facilities, there are still companies in existence today providing support and parts for Gould/SEL systems still in operation.